Biology Energy Test Review

Energy Test Review Sheet

Enzyme Structure and Function - their job

What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid)
- Protein
What is the job of an enzyme?
- Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required for biochemical reactions.
Activation Energy, Substrate, Active Site
- How do enzymes work? How do they make reactions happen so quickly?
  - Enzymes work by binding to substrates at the active site, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces the activation energy needed for the reaction, thereby speeding it up.
Draw and label an enzyme with a substrate, reactants, and products. Use the potato experiment and hydrogen peroxide and catalase as your example:
Factors affecting enzymes, denaturation
- Name 4 factors that affect the rate of an enzyme:
  - a. Temperature
  - b. pH level
  - c. Salt level
  - d. Concentration
What happens if an enzyme is in an extreme environment?
- Denatures
Explain the graph of pH and enzyme activity above:
- Every enzyme has its own ideal level of pH. When the pH is at the optimum level, the enzyme will act at a faster rate.

Formula for Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ Light Dependent and Light Independent Reactions

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the stroma and use ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose. d. How can photosynthesis be measured?
By oxygen output, glucose production, or CO₂ uptake.

Step: Light Reaction
- Where it happens: Thylakoid membrane
- Requires: Sunlight & Water, ADP, NADP⁺
- Produces: ATP, NADPH, O₂
Step: Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction)
- Where it happens: Stroma
- Requires: CO₂, ATP, NADPH
- Produces: Glucose

ATP & ADP cycle
- ADP -> ATP (ADP is not charged, ATP is charged with energy)
- NADP⁺ -> NADPH (NADP⁺ is not charged, NADPH is charged with hydrogen ions and electrons)

Step	Where It Happens	Requires	Produces
Light Reaction	Thylakoid Membrane	Sunlight & Water, 2 ADP, 2 NADP+	ATP, NADPH, O2
Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reaction)	Stroma	6 CO2, 18 ATP, 12 NADPH	Glucose, 18 ADP, 12 NADP+

Where Cell Respiration happens

When does fermentation occur?

Step: Glycolysis
- Where: Cytoplasm
- Requires: Glucose
- Produces: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Step: Krebs Cycle
- Where: Mitochondrial Matrix
- Requires: 2 Acetyl CoA
- Produces: 6 CO₂, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂
Step: Electron Transport Chain
- Where: Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Requires: O₂, NADH, FADH₂
- Produces: H₂O, approximately 32-34 ATP

NAD⁺/NADH cycle
- NAD⁺ is not charged, while NADH is charged with electrons and hydrogen ions.
FAD/FADH₂ cycle
- FAD is not charged, while FADH₂ is charged with electrons and hydrogen ions.

Step	Where	Requires	Produces
Glycolysis	Cytoplasm	Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+	2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle	Mitochondrial Matrix	2 Acetyl CoA, 2 ADP, 2 FAD	6 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis	Mitochondrial Inner Membrane	O2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2	H2O, 32 ATP (Theoretically up to 34 ATP)

Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria and yeast without oxygen.
- Glucose is required and produces lactic acid and 2 ATP.
Alcoholic Fermentation
- Occurs in yeast and some bacteria without oxygen.
- Glucose is required and produces ethanol and 2 ATP.

Type	Where	Requires	Produces
Lactic Acid Fermentation	Muscle cells, bacteria, yeast	Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+	Pyruvate, Lactic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Alcoholic Fermentation	Yeast	Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+	Pyruvate, Ethanol, CO2, 2 ATP, 2 NADH